Философия	Русский язык	Словари	Художественная литература	Общественно-политическая литера
	English grammar for students specializing in the English language. Москва 1967 стр.320
FOtEWORD The object of this book is to give a course of English grammar for students specializing in the English language. The book includes Accidence, i. e. the parts of speech and morphological categories, and Syntax, i. . the sentence and the parts of the sentence. The rules are illustrated by examples taken Irom English and American authors of the 19th and 20th centuries. " The material of the book has been used for many years in teaching students of the Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages in Leningrad, and has thus been'put to the test of,practical work. In preparing the material for print the authors have considerably enlarged it. Exercises on all topics treated in the manual are published in a separate issue, • arranged in accordance with the chapters of the present book. . The authors wish to acknowledge their obligations to the teachers of the Department Of Foreign Languages and the Philological Department of Leningrad University, as well as to the teachers of the Hertzen Pedagogical Institute and all the strangers, who have reviewed the book and made a number of valuable suggestions. , TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. Grammatical structure of the English language....... . . II Part /.ACCIDENCE General classification of the parts of speech . ... ~ ...'.......... . 13 Chapter I. THE NOUN § 1. Definition................................. 14 § 2. Morphological characteristics.................... — § 3. Syntactical characteristics ...................... 15 § 4. Morphological composition . . ................... — § 5. Classification............................... 16 § 6. The category of number.................... . , . 19 § 7. The category of ease.,. . ....... ... . . .......... 22 Chapter //. THE ARTICLE ' § I. General notion. ............ .................. 25 Use of articles with common nouns. ...................... 26 § 2—4. Class nouns . . .•..............'............ — § 5—7. Nouns of material.........................31 § 8—11. Abstract nouns........... .................. — Use of articles with proper nouns. \ . . . ................... 32 § 12. Names of persons.................. i...... . — § 13. Geographical names ............ . . ........... 33 § 14. Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines...... 34 § 15. Names of cardinal points. . . . . . . ............... — § 16. Names of months and days.................... — § 17. Nouns modified by proper, nouns................. 35 Use of articles with nouns in some set expressions.......... . . . 35 § 18. The use of the Indefinite article with nouns in set expressions . , . ..... i ............. .<< v ....... 35 § 19. The use of the definite article with oouns in set expressions 36 § 20. Nouns in set expressions used without »n article . . . . . . 37 § 21. The use of articles with predicative nouns >,.„.,., .^. . 38 § 22. The use of articles with noons in apposition ......... 39 § 23. The use of articles with nouns used in address....... — § 24. Place of the article ... ... .................. -• § 25. Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian) ..---Т..... . .......... ... . . .... 40 Special difficulties in the us* of articles.................... 41 § 26. The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening — 1* .'-V . . ' '"' , '• :" . ' • '•'':•& § 27. The use of articles with names of seasons........... 41 § 28. The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail.............................. 42 § 29. The use of articles with the noun town............ 43 § 30. The use of articles with the names of meals.......... — § 31. The use of articles with names of languages.....• • • • — Use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals....................................... 44 § 32. Most................................. — § 33. Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little ....... — § 34. Two, the two; three, the three, etc............... 45 § 35. The second, a second....................... — § 36. Another, the other .'........................ — § 37. Last, the last............................ 46 § 38. Next, the next........................... — § 39. A number, the number....................... — Omission of the article .............................. — Chapter 111. THE ADJECTIVE, § 1. Definition ............................... 47 § 2. Morphological characteristics.............,...... — § 3. Spelling rules ............................ 48 § 4. Syntactical characteristics ..................... — § 5. Morphological composition.................... — § 6. Classification ............................. 49 § 7. Grammatical characteristics of qualitative adjectives..... 50 § 8. Grammatical characteristics of relative adjectives ...... — § 9. Substantivized adjectives ............ . ........ 51 Chapter IV. THE PRONOUN § 1. Definition............................... 52 § 2. Classification............................. — § 3. Personal pronouns.......................... 53 § 4. Possessive pronouns......................... 54 § 5. Reflexive pronouns ,........................ 55 § 6. Reciprocal pronouns......................... 56 § 7. Demonstrative pronouns...................... 57 § 8. Interrogative pronouns .,..............."....... 58 § 9. Relative pronouns.......................... 60 § 10. Conjunctive pronouns........................ 61 § 11. Defining pronouns.......................... 62 § 12. Indefinite pronouns......................... 65 § 13. Negative pronouns.......................... 67 Chapter V. THE NUMERAL § 1. Definition................................ 70 § 2. Cardinal numerals.......................... — § 3. The functions of cardinal numerals in a sentence....... — § 4. Ordinal numerals........................... 72 § 5. The functions of ordinal numerals in a sentence....... — Chapter VI. THE WORDS OF THE CATEGORY OF STATE § 1. Definition............................... 73 § 2—4 Morphological composition and use............. — Chapter VII. THE VERB § 1. Definition............................... 75. § , 2. Morphological structure...................... — § 3, Basic forms.............................. — * § 4. Syntactic function .......................... 77 § 5. Transitive and intransitive verbs . . ............... 79 § 6. Lexical character........................... SO § 7—10. Grammatical categories.................... 81 Tenses in the Active Voice.............................. 82 The Indefinite form................................. 82 The Present Indefinite............................. — § 1. The formation of the Present Indefinite............ — § 2. The use of the Present Indefinite................ 83 The Past Indefinite ................................ 84 § 3. The formation of the Past Indefinite .............. — § 4. The use of the Past Indefinite .................. 85 The Future Indefinite'............................. 86 § 5. The formation of the Future Indefinite............. — § 6. The use of the Future Indefinite................. — The Future Indefinite in the Past...................... 87 § 7. The formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past ..... — § 8. The use of the Future Indefinite in the Past......... 88, The Continuous form...........................•..... — The Present Continuous............................ — § 9. The formation of the Present Continuous ........... — § 10. The use of the Present Continuous................. 89 The Past Continuous............................... 90 § 11. The formation of the Past Continuous............. — § 12. The use of the Past Continuous................. — The Future Continuous............................. 91 § 13. The formation of the Future Continuous............. — § 14. The use of the Future Continuous.............; . . 92 The Future Continuous in the Past..................... — § 15. The formation of the Future Continuous in the Past .... — § 16. The use of the Future Continuous in the Past........ 93 Verbs not used in the Continuous form.................. 94 The Perfect form.................................. 95 The Present Perfect.............................. — § 17. The formation of the Present Perfect.............. — § 18. The use of the Present Perfect.................. 96 § 19. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect............ 98 The Past Perfect.................................. — § 20. The formation of the Past Perfect................ — § 21. The use of the Past Perfect.................... 99 § 22. The Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect............ 101 The Future Perfect.....-............................ — § 23. The formation of the Future Perfect............... — § 24. The use of the Future Perfect................... 102 The Future Perfect in the Past....................... — § 25. The formation of the Future Perfect in the Past ....... — § 26. The use of the Future Perfect in the Past........... 103 The Perfect Continuous Jorm........................... — The Present Perfect Continuous....................... 104 § 27. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous....... — § 28. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous.......... 105 § 29. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous ................................ 106 § 30. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive................... •........... — The Past Perfect Continuous.........................107 § 31. The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous. . ....... — \| 32. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous ................ — § 33. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Con- tinuous ........ i. .-..........;.......'.... 108 The Future Perfect Continuous.....................• • • — § 34. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous....... — § 35. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous...........109 The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past. . .............. 7- § 36. The formatioh of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past' — § 37. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.... 110 The Passive Voice............. . . . . .',.................Ill" § 1. The formation of the Passive Vojce............... — § 2. The use of the Passive Voice. ...................112 § 3. The use of tenses in the Passive Voice . . ..........113 § 4. Ways of translating the Passive Voice into Russian. .... 114 § 5. Uses of the Passive Voice peculiar to the English language . . . . .............................. — § 6. The verb to be + Participle И..................И7 Modal Verbs .... . ..................................118 § 1. Definition...................../.......... — § 2. Can...................................119 § 3. May. ,.................................121 § 4. Must.................................. 124 § 5. Should and ought..........................125 § 6. To be + Infinitive..........................127 § 7. To have + Infinitive............... . .......... 128 § 8. Shall..................................130 § 9. Will.......................'............ 131 § 10. Would . .---.......................... . : 132 § 11. Dare ..... J.............................133 § 12. Need.................................. — Mood. . . .---....................................134 The Indicative Mood............,................... — The Imperative Mood............................... — The 'Subjunctive Mood:...................л............135 , § 1. General notion............................ — § 2. Synthetic forms.........'..................' . — § 3. Analytical forms............................137 § 4. The forms of the Indicative Mood used to express the same meaning as is expressed by the Subjunctive Mood ..... 138 The use of th* Subjunctive Mood......................139 § 5. Simple sentences .............,.,.,............ — § 6. Conditional sentences ..... . . . . ...............140 § 7. Adverbial clauses, of purpose...................143 § 8. Adverbial clauses of concession..................144 § 9. Adverbial clauses of time and place...............145- § 10. Adverbial clauses of .comparison.................146 § Hi Predicative clauses........................... — § 12. Subject clauses .......... .:............... X. . 147 § 13. Object clauses ..;...,.,................... 148 § 14; Attributive appositive clauses. ...... j .... I ...... 150 § 15. Attributive clauses modifying the noun time in the principal clause . . . . . . . . ....... ... . ............ — § 16. Emotional use of the Subjunctive Mood . . ... ...... . — § 17. Ways of rendering the Subjunctive Mood in Russian .... 152 Chapter VIII, THE NON-РШГГЁ FORMS OF THE VERD (THE VERBALS) § 1. Definition .... . . .^. . . . . . .;..'... . ........... * 153 § 2. The cnaracteristfc traits of the verbals ............. — e ' • '•." / . '' • '• •• : The Partlefpit , . ................................ . . . . 155 § 3. General notion .... .... .......... ...... .... — § 4. Double nature of the participle ........ ......... r- § 5. Tense distinctions ....... ...... ............. 156 § 6. Voice distinctions % .... rr ..,.,.. ^ ........... 158 § 7. Functions of Participle I .......;... ........... — § 8. Functions of Participle II, ........ . ...... ...... 163 § 9. Predicative constructions with the participle ,...„•.. . . 165 § 10. The Objective Participial Construction .... ......... — § II. The Subjective Participial Construction ............ 166 ' § 12. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction ...... 167 § 13. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction ..... 168 § 14. Absolute constructions without a participle ......... — § 15. Punctuation ........... ...... ........ ... . . 169 The Gerund ..... . ..... ... . . ....... ................ 170 § 16. General notion ....... . . . . . , •». ., ... ......,.'.. — - § 17. Double nature of the gerund ..... • . .......... » . . — § 1«. Tense distinctions ......... ..... ............ 172 § 19. Voice distinctions . . ...... .........;........ 173 § 20. Predicative constructions with the gerund. * . .' ..... . . — § 21. The use of the gerund . N .;.... * . .... .......... 175 § 22. The gerund and the infinitive. . . . ............. .' . 179 § 23. The functions of the gerund . ..... .... .... . . , ......' 180 § 24. The gerund and the participle. ...•.....,.• ...... . 184 § 25. The gerund and the verbal noun . ................ 185 The Infinitive .... ..... ..... ... ....... ...... ...... . . — § 26. .General notion .......... ....... ." . ..... ..... — § 27. Tense and aspect distinctions of the infinitive ........ 186 § 28. Voice distinctions ........ . . ............ .... 18? § 29. The use of the inffnitive without the particle ro ..... . 188 § 30. The functions of the infinitive. ....... . ..... . ..... 190 § 31. Infinitive constructions ..........;....,. ....... 195 § 32. The Objective^with-the Infinitive Construction ........ — § 33. The Subjective Infinitive Construction . . '., ....... ... 199 § 34. The /ar-^Infmitive Construction ........ ........ 201 § 35. The Infinitive with the expressions to be sorry, to be glad. . 203 С hap ter IX. THE ADVERB , § 1. Definition ........... ...'"; ; ... ; ..... , ____ . ... 204 § 2. Morphological structure ...... ..... ..... ..... . — § 3. Degrees of "comparison ....................... — § 4. Classification .............................. 205 Chapter X. THE MODAL WORDS § 1. Definitioa ......... ...... .... ..... ....... 206 § 2. Classification . ......... . „ . . ,, ..,...........' — § 3. Use . .^ ............г,..,,...... ... ...,..» — § 4. Modal words and adverbs . i ...... ... . ... , . .... — • Chapter XI. THE § 1. Definition .'. . ;' . .... . . . . . . f ..'. . > , ,,..»..... 208 § 2. Classification ..... . . . . . . . ---- . . , ..„.„...,.....— § 3. Morphological, composition .... Г. .. - 'I ,.,,,,...... — Chapter XII. ШЕ PREPOSITION § 1. Definition .... .......... . ...... . . ...... ' ... 210 § 2. Morphological structure . ............ ..... ..... — § '3. Classification.............................2LO § 4. Prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions . . . ..........211 § 5. Prepositions and postpositions...................212 Chapter XIII. THE CONJUNCTION § 1. Definition............................... 213" § 2. Morphological structure...................... — § 3. Classification............................. 214 § 4. Coordinating conjunctions..................... — § 5. Subordinating conjunctions...................'. . 217 Chapter XIV. THE PARTICLE § 1. Definition...............Ч...............219 § 2. Classification......>....................... — Part п. SYNTAX' Chapter XV, THE SIMPLE SENTENCE § 1. Definition...............................221 § 2. Classification............................. — § 3—4. Structure..............................224 Parts of the sentence..................................225 The principal parts of the sentence....................... — The subject.................................... — § 5, Definition............................... — § 6. Ways of expressing the subject..................226 § 7. It as the subject of the sentence................. 228 The predicate..................................229 § 8. Definition............................... — § 9. The simple predicate........................230 § 10. The predicate expressed by a phraseological unit....... — § .11. The compound predicate......................232 § 12. The compound nominal predicate................. — § 13. The predicative............................234 § 14. The Objective Predicative.....................236 § 15. The compound verbal predicate.................237 § 16. The compound verbal modal predicate............. — § 17. The compound verbal aspect predicate.............238 § 18. Mixed types of predicate...................... 239 Agreement of the predicate with the subject. .............. — § 19. General notion............................ — § 20. Rules of agreement......................... 240 § 21. Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group....................244 The secondary parts of the sentence......................246 The object.................................... — § 22. Definition............................... — § 23. Ways of expressing the object.................. — § 24. Kinds of objects............................248 § 25. The direct object........................... — § 26. The indirect object......................... — § 27. The complex obje.ct.........................251 § 28. The cognate object..........................252 The attribute...................................• — § 29. Definition............................... — § 30. Ways of expressing the attribute .....,.,,....... — 8 / § ЗК The apposition............................ 256 § 32. The close apposition......................... — § 33. The loose or detached apposition............... . 257 The adverbial modifier........,.................... — § 34. Definition and classification.................... — § 35. Ways of expressing the adverbial modifier........... 258 Detached (loose) parts of the sentence................... 261 § 36. Definition............................... — § 37. The detached adverbial modifier................ . — § 38. The detached attribute........................ 262 § 39. The detached object. . ....................... — The independent elements of the sentence................. — . § 40. Definition................................. — § 41. Parenthesis.............................. 263 Sentences with homogeneous parts.................-. . . . — Chapter XVI. WORD ORDER § 1. General remarks........................... 265 § 2—4, Inverted order of words.................... 266 § 5. Position of the object........................ 270 § 6. Position of the attribute...................... 271 § 7. Position of adverbial modifiers.................. 274 Chapter XVII. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE AND THE COMPLEX SENTENCE The compound sentence.............................. 279 § 1. General notion............................ — § 2. Types of coordination........................ — The complex sentence............................... 281 § 3. General notion ............................ — § 4. Subject clauses............................ 282 § 5. Predicative clauses......................... 283 § 6. Object clauses.............................284 § 7. Attributive clauses............................ 286 § 8. Attributive relative clauses . . .................. — § 9. Attributive appositive clauses .................. 288 § 10. The use of relative pronouns in attributive relative clauses ................................. — § 11. Adverbial clauses.......................... 289 § 12. Adverbial clauses of time..................... 290 § 13. Adverbial clauses of place..................... 292 § 14. Adverbial clauses of cause.................... — § 15. Adverbial clauses of purpose................... — § 16. Adverbial clauses of condition.................. 293 § 17. Adverbial clauses of concession.................. — § 18. Adverbial clauses of result.................... 294 § 19. Adverbial clauses of manner................... — § 20. Adverbial clauses of comparison................. — § 21. Polysemantic conjunctions..................... 295 The compound-complex sentence...... Цена: 150руб.
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