© 1997 by Editions, Eyrolles, Paris, France
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Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................1
Who this Book is for...................................................................................1
What You Need to Use This Book................................................................3
Tell Us What You Think...............................................................................3
Chapter 1: The Genesis of UML.....................................................5
Analysis and Design Methods.....................................................................5
What is the Purpose of a Method?................................................................................5
From Functional to Object-Oriented Methods..................................................................6
The Proliferation of Object-Oriented Methods.................................................................8
Booch and OMT Getting Closer.....................................................................................8
Unification of Methods...............................................................................9
Towards a Unified Modeling Language...........................................................................9
Model and Metamodel................................................................................................11
Chapter 2: The Object-Oriented Approach.....................................15
Why the Object-Oriented Approach?...........................................................15
Objects...................................................................................................17
Fundamental Characteristics of an Object....................................................................19
State..................................................................................................................................19
Behavior.............................................................................................................................20
Identity................................................................................................................................21
Implementation Constraints........................................................................................21
Object Persistence...............................................................................................................21
Broadcasting Objects...........................................................................................................21
Proxy Objects ......................................................................................................................22
Object Intercommunication .........................................................................................22
Categories of Behavior.........................................................................................................22
The Concept of Messages...................................................................................................24
Message Categories............................................................................................................24
Message Synchronization Types .....................................................................................25
Simple Message Broadcast............................................................................................26
Synchronous Message Broadcast...................................................................................26
Rendez-vous Message Broadcast....................................................................................26
Timed Message Broadcast.............................................................................................27
Asynchronous Message Broadcast..................................................................................27
Representation of Interactions between Objects ..........................................................28
Collaboration Diagrams........................................................................................................28
Sequence Diagrams ............................................................................................................29
Classes...................................................................................................30
The Process of Abstraction.........................................................................................30
Graphical Representation of Classes...........................................................................31
Description of Classes...............................................................................................33
Relationships Between Classes................................................................36
Association................................................................................................................36
Aggregation ...............................................................................................................38
Parallels between Class and Object Diagrams..............................................................39
Class Hierarchies.....................................................................................40
Generalization and Specialization................................................................................40
From Sets to Classes.................................................................................................43
The Difficulty of Classification.....................................................................................47
Inheritance................................................................................................................50
General Principle.................................................................................................................51
Delegation ..........................................................................................................................53
The Substitution Principle....................................................................................................54
Polymorphism............................................................................................................55
General Principle.................................................................................................................55
Application..........................................................................................................................56
Taking Advantage of the Substitution Principle ......................................................................59
Triggering Operations...........................................................................................................60
The Influence of Typing........................................................................................................62
Summary................................................................................................63
Chapter 3: The UML Notation......................................................65
UML Diagrams.........................................................................................66
Basic Concepts........................................................................................67
Common Elements.....................................................................................................67
Common Mechanisms................................................................................................67
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Stereotypes ........................................................................................................................68
Tagged Values.....................................................................................................................69
Notes..................................................................................................................................69
Constraints.........................................................................................................................69
Dependencies.....................................................................................................................69
Type/Instance and Type/Class Dichotomies.........................................................................69
Data Types................................................................................................................69
Packages...................................................................................................................70
Class Diagrams.......................................................................................73
Classes.....................................................................................................................73
Attributes and Operations....................................................................................................74
Visibility of Attributes and Operations...................................................................................75
Interfaces...........................................................................................................................76
Template Classes................................................................................................................76
Utility Classes.....................................................................................................................77
Associations..............................................................................................................77
Association Naming.............................................................................................................77
Role Naming........................................................................................................................78
Multiplicity of Associations...................................................................................................79
Constraints on Associations.................................................................................................80
Association classes.............................................................................................................81
N-ary Associations...............................................................................................................81
Location of Attributes According to Multiplicity Values.............................................................82
Association Qualifiers..........................................................................................................83
Aggregations..............................................................................................................84
Composition........................................................................................................................84
Navigation.................................................................................................................85
Navigation Expressions........................................................................................................85
Generalization............................................................................................................87
Abstract Classes........................................................................................................90
Introduction to the Metamodel....................................................................................90
Relationships......................................................................................................................92
Association....................................................................................................................92
Generalization................................................................................................................93
Dependency...................................................................................................................94
Use Case Diagrams.................................................................................95
The Use Case Model..................................................................................................95
Relationships Between Use Cases..............................................................................97
The Communicates Relationship..........................................................................................97
The Uses Relationship.........................................................................................................98
The Extends Relationship.....................................................................................................98
Object Diagrams......................................................................................98
Representation of Objects..........................................................................................99
Representation of Links..............................................................................................99
Composite Objects...................................................................................................100
Similarities with Class Diagrams...............................................................................101
Collaboration Diagrams..........................................................................102
Representation of Interactions..................................................................................102
The Place of the User.........................................................................................................103
Active Objects....................................................................................................................104
Representation of Messages.............................................................................................104
Synchronization............................................................................................................104
Sequence....................................................................................................................105
Result..........................................................................................................................106
Name ..........................................................................................................................106
Arguments...................................................................................................................106
Collaborations..........................................................................................................107
Interactions.......................................................................................................................107
Sequence Diagrams...............................................................................108
Representation of Interactions..................................................................................108
Control Structures....................................................................................................112
Statechart Diagrams..............................................................................114
State Machines........................................................................................................115
States.....................................................................................................................116
Transitions...............................................................................................................117
Events ..............................................................................................................................118
Guards....................................................................................................................119
Operations, Actions, and Activities............................................................................119
Execution Points of Operations.................................................................................121
Generalization of States...........................................................................................122
Aggregation of States...............................................................................................123
History....................................................................................................................124
Object Intercommunication .......................................................................................125
Object Creation and Destruction................................................................................126
Timed Transitions.....................................................................................................127
Metamodel Introduction.....................................................................................................128
Activity Diagrams...................................................................................129
Representation of Activities......................................................................................129
Component Diagrams.............................................................................133
Components............................................................................................................133
Dependencies Between Components........................................................................133
Subsystems......................................................................................................................134
Processes.........................................................................................................................134
Integration with Development Environments...............................................................135
Deployment Diagrams............................................................................136
Representation of Nodes..........................................................................................136
Summary..............................................................................................138
Chapter 4: Object-Oriented Project Support...............................141
Software Characterization.......................................................................141
The Software Crisis..................................................................................................141
Software Categories.................................................................................................142
Software Complexity.................................................................................................142
Origins of Software Complexity...........................................................................................143
Consequences of Complexity.............................................................................................144
The Scope of the Object-Oriented Approach...............................................................144
Object-Oriented Analysis.....................................................................................................145
Object-Oriented Design ......................................................................................................147
Object-Oriented Programming.............................................................................................149
The Transition to Object-Oriented Technology..............................................................151
Towards a Development Method.............................................................152
Use Cases...............................................................................................................153
Benefits of Use Cases.......................................................................................................154
Construction of Use Cases................................................................................................155
Rules for Setting up Use Cases..........................................................................................155
Elaboration Process for Use Cases.....................................................................................156
Last Pitfalls to Avoid..........................................................................................................158
The Transition to Object-Oriented Technology.......................................................................158
Software Architecture...............................................................................................160
The Architect's Vision ........................................................................................................161
The Logical View...........................................................................................................162
The Implementation View..............................................................................................162
The Process View.........................................................................................................162
The Deployment View...................................................................................................162
The Use Case View.......................................................................................................163
Organization of Models......................................................................................................163
Documentation of Architecture......................................................................................164
Articulation of the Different Diagrams.................................................................................164
Expression of Requirements.........................................................................................165
Transition to Object-Orientation.....................................................................................165
Expressing Behavior.....................................................................................................165
Representing the Structure...........................................................................................166
Implementing Objects and Classes...............................................................................166
Deployment of executable code..........................................................................................167
Organization of Models and Views.................................................................................168
Granularity of Model Elements............................................................................................168
Summary of Elements and Views .......................................................................................170
Patterns............................................................................................................................171
Description of Patterns.................................................................................................172
Idioms.........................................................................................................................172
Frameworks.......................................................................................................................172
The Role of Software, or the Cultural Clash.........................................................................174
Iterative and Incremental Lifecycle ............................................................................176
Linear Lifecycle..................................................................................................................176
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