Introduction...............................................................................1
Who is This Book For?................................................................................1
What is Covered in This Book.....................................................................1
What isn't Covered in This Book..................................................................2
Why Do You Need Assembler?...................................................................2
What You Need to Use This Book...............................................................3
The Structure of the Book............................................................................4
How to Use the Book...................................................................................5
Installing the Disk.........................................................................................5
The Tutorial Program....................................................................................6
The Structure and Usage of the Source Code............................................7
Chapter One: The Assembler Environment...........................9
Fundamental Knowledge.................................................................11
Assembler as a Programming Language..................................................11
Machine Code and Assembly Language...................................................12
Assembler as a Software Component.......................................................13
Creating Programs at a Glance.................................................................14
Source Code and Text Editors...................................................................15
Object Modules and Compilers..................................................................16
The Flelationship Between Modules in a Program.....................................16
Object Libraries and Library Managing......................................................17
Executable Modules and Link Editors........................................................18
The Linking Process..................................................................................19
Two Kinds of Executable Modules.............................................................20
Loading Programs and System Blocks......................................................21
The Processor and its Internal Registers...................................................22
Data Group Registers................................................................................23
The Internal Registers of the 180386/180486..............................................24
The Program Segment Prefix - PSP..........................................................25
Tools..................................................................................................27
Compiling Programs..................................................................................27
Managing Libraries....................................................................................29
Creating Executable Modules....................................................................30
Output from the Assembler........................................................................32
Source Listing - The .LST File...................................................................33
Debugging Programs Using CodeView.....................................................35
The Command CV- The CodeView Debugger.........................................36
The Basic CodeView Features..................................................................38
Stepping Through Programs......................................................................39
Watching Variables....................................................................................40
Watching Local Variables - The Local Window.........................................41
Using the Memory Window........................................................................42
Using Breakpoints......................................................................................42
Library................................................................................................44
A Set of BAT-Files for Dealing with Assemblers........................................44
ASMSw- Choosing an Assembler.............................................................44
ASM - Compiling Programs.......................................................................46
FView - The File Browsing Program..........................................................49
RUN - Running and Debugging Programs................................................49
Summary............................................................................................53
Chapter Two: From Instructions to Programs.....................55
Fundamental Knowledge.................................................................57
The Basic Elements of Programming........................................................57
Preliminaries - Instructions and Directives.................................................57
Operands and Data...................................................................................59
The Instruction Pointer and Program Flow................................................60
Jump into the Loop....................................................................................62
Flags..........................................................................................................62
State Flags.................................................................................................64
Control Flags.............................................................................................67
Additional Flags of i80286 and 180386/180486...........................................68
Tools..................................................................................................69
MOV Instruction.........................................................................................69
ADD and SUB - The Simplest Arithmetic Instructions...............................69
MUL Instruction..........................................................................................70
DIVInstruction...........................................................................................72
JMP - Unconditional Jump.........................................................................73
Checking for Conditional Jumps -CMP.....................................................74
Pseudo High-Level Language Constructions in Assembler.......................76
High-Level Program Flow Using MASM 6.0 Directives.............................78
Simple Loops.............................................................................................80
Library................................................................................................81
A Demo Program to Illustrate Using Flags................................................81
Calculating Factorials................................................................................83
Using Flags - Detecting the Step-by-step Mode........................................88
Summary............................................................................................91
Chapter Three: Memory and Data.........................................93
Fundamental Knowledge.................................................................95
Memory- Purpose and Structure...............................................................95
Segment Addressing.................................................................................96
An Effective Address.................................................................................96
Forms of SegmentOffset Notation............................................................98
Physical and Logical Segments.................................................................99
Program Segments..................................................................................100
The Data Segment...................................................................................100
The Code Segment..................................................................................103
The Stack.................................................................................................104
Tools................................................................................................107
Creating a Program - Starting with the Bare Bones.................................107
EXE Program Template...........................................................................108
COM Program Template..........................................................................111
Using Simplified Directives - General Template......................................113
Defining and Using Data - EQU...............................................................115
Defining Data with the DB Directive.........................................................117
DW and DD Directives.............................................................................118
Addressing Your Data..............................................................................120
The DUP Prefix........................................................................................121
The LEA Instruction.................................................................................121
Instructions Which Work with the Stack...................................................122
Stack and Flags.......................................................................................123
Library..............................................................................................125
Inputting and Outputting Numeric Data...................................................125
Using Flags to Determine the Type of Processor....................................128
Summary..........................................................................................134
Chapter Four: Data Structures............................................135
Fundamental Knowledge...............................................................137
Strings.....................;................................................................................137
Declaring Strings.....................................................................................138
Processing Strings...................................................................................140
Arrays.......................„.............................................................................141
Declaring an Array...................................................................................141
Providing Additional Information for String Variables..............................143
Using and Addressing Arrays..................................................................745
Addressing Modes...................................................................................146
Manipulating Strings and Arrays..............................................................148
Structures................................................................................................750
Unions......................................................................................................757
Defining String Constants........................................................................752
Manipulating String Constants.................................................................752
Tools................................................................................................154
Moving Strings - The MOVS* Instructions...............................................754
Comparing Strings - The CMPS* Instructions.........................................755
Searching Strings - The SCAS" Instructions...........................................755
Processing String Elements - The LODS and STOS Instructions...........756
The REP Prefix........................................................................................757
Specifying Memory Units in Instructions - The PTR Operator.................759
Labels......................................................................................................760
Library..............................................................................................161
Copying Strings - RepBios.......................................................................767
Comparing Strings - CompStr..................................................................762
Sorting Strings - The Program BSort.......................................................765
Summary..........................................................................................171
Chapter Five: Program Flow and Design...........................173
Fundamental Knowledge...............................................................175
Procedures in Assembly Language.........................................................775
An Example of Procedures......................................................................176
Writing a Procedure (SMALL Memory Model).........................................178
Passing Parameters................................................................................180
Passing Parameters Through Registers..................................................180
Passing Parameters in Memory...............................................................181
Passing Parameters Using the Stack......................................................182
Calling Procedures Using INVOKE..........................................................184
NEAR and FAR Procedures....................................................................185
The Directives PUBLIC and EXTRN........................................................186
An Introduction to Macros........................................................................187
Macros with Parameters..........................................................................190
Macro Libraries........................................................................................191
Macros vs Procedures.............................................................................191
Directives and Operators.........................................................................192
Computations and Tests During Program Assembly...............................192
Tools................................................................................................194
Starting With the END!.............................................................................194
The SEGMENT and ENDS Directives.....................................................194
The .MODEL Directive.............................................................................194
The Logical Segment Declaration Directives...........................................196
The ASSUME Directive...........................................................................196
The Procedure Treatment Directives and Instructions............................196
Indirect JMPs and CALLs........................................................................198
The PUBLIC, EXTRN and EXTRNDEF Directives..................................199
Macro Treatment Directives.....................................................................200
The INCLUDE Directive...........................................................................200
The LOCAL Directive...............................................................................201
Assembly- Time Conditions....................................................................20)
Library..............................................................................................203
A Small Macrolibrary for Input and Output...............................................203
The Macro Inplnt - Input Integers............................................................206
Using Macros - The Program "Calculator"...............................................207
Summary..........................................................................................211
Chapter Six: Using BIOS and DOS......................................213
Fundamental Knowledge...............................................................215
What is DOS?..........................................................................................215
Levels of DOS Service.............................................................................216
The Main DOS Components....................................................................217
BIOS - Basic Input/Output System..........................................................218
Hidden DOS Files....................................................................................220
The Command Processor........................................................................227
Interrupts..................................................................................................222
The DOS Memory Map............................................................................224
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